The Japan Chapter of the Asian Society of International Law (AsianSIL-JP) shall host their 11th Annual Conference, with the theme, Whither Eastern Asian Liberals?: The Aspirations and Anxieties of International Law in Taiwan, Korea, and Japan, 12 July 2020 at Yokohama National University (Yokohama, Japan). Abstracts, including those focused on law of the sea, are welcome until 29 February 2020.
For more information see the call for papers.
The Maastricht Centre for European Law shall host a workshop, entitled, Sustainable Europe and its Global Reach, 15-16 October 2020 at Maastricht University (Maastricht , The Netherlands). Abstracts are welcome until 31 May 2020.
For further information, see here.
Völkerrechtsblog shall host a symposium entitled, Climate Justice, in May 2020. Given the effects already being felt on the marine environment and related societies, numerous contributions from the perspective of the law of the sea would be suitable. Submissions are welcome until 31 March 2020.
For further information see here.
Filed under Calls
The Law and Development Research Network shall hold its fifth annual conference, entitled, Challenges for Law and Development: Responses, 21-23 September 2020, at Nelson Mandela University (Port Elizabeth, South Africa). Law of the sea scholars may be interested in track 2. Submissions are welcome until 9 March 2020.
For more information see the call for papers and website.
The International Maritime Law Institute (IMLI) and the World Maritime University (WMU) shall organize a Symposium (co-hosted by IMO and ITLOS), entitled, flag State responsibilities and the future of article 91 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 5 March 2020 at IMO Headquarters (London, UK).
For further information see here.
Filed under Events
The Centre de Droit Maritime et Océanique shall host a conference, entitled, Élévation du niveau de la mer et droit international: de l’adaptation à l’action, 16 June 2020 at the University of Nantes (Nantes, France).
For further information see here and the draft programme.
Filed under Events
The University of the Faroe Islands and the Law of the Sea Institute of Iceland shall host a conference, entitled, Persistent and Emerging Challenges in International Fisheries Law, 10 – 12 September 2020 at the University of the Faroe Islands (Kongshøll, Faroe Islands).
For more information and registration see here.
Filed under Events
The German Association for East European Studies (DGO) shall host a conference, entitled, The Seas as a Space for Cooperation and Conflict, 5–6 March 2020 at Körber-Stiftung (Hamburg, Germany).
For more information see here.
Filed under Events
On 4 February 2020 the Russian Foreign Minister sent a message to the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs on the 100th anniversary of the Spitsbergen Treaty. The letter raises numerous ‘concerns’ including “the unlawfulness of Norway’s fisheries protection zone” and requests further bilateral consultations.
For further information see MID Press Release № 180-04-02-2020.
Filed under State Practice
On 7 January 2020 the UN Human Rights Committee issued its Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2728/2016 (adopted 24 October 2019). Communication No. 2728/2016 was submitted by Ioane Teitiota, claiming New Zealand violated his right to life under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 6(1), by removing him to Kiribati in September 2015.
Concerning admissibility:
“[T]he Committee considers that the author sufficiently demonstrated, for the purpose of admissibility, that due to the impact of climate change and associated sea level rise on the habitability of the Republic of Kiribati and on the security situation in the islands, he faced as a result of the State party’s decision to remove him to the Republic of Kiribati a real risk of impairment to his right to life under article 6 of the Covenant” (para. 8.6).
Concerning the merits:
“The Committee is of the view that without robust national and international efforts, the effects of climate change in receiving states may expose individuals to a violation of their rights under articles 6 or 7 of the Covenant, thereby triggering the non-refoulement obligations of sending states. Furthermore, given that the risk of an entire country becoming submerged under water is such an extreme risk, the conditions of life in such a country may become incompatible with the right to life with dignity before the risk is realized.
9.12 In the present case, the Committee accepts the author’s claim that sea level rise is likely to render the Republic of Kiribati uninhabitable. However, it notes that the timeframe of 10 to 15 years, as suggested by the author, could allow for intervening acts by the Republic of Kiribati, with the assistance of the international community, to take affirmative measures to protect and, where necessary, relocate its population […] the facts before it do not permit it to conclude that the author’s removal to the Republic of Kiribati violated his rights under article 6 (1) of the Covenant” (paras. 9.11-9.12; 10).
Vasilka Sancin and Duncan Laki Muhumuza each annexed individual dissenting opinions concerning the burden of proof and access to drinking water.
Filed under Jurisprudence
The International Seabed Authority’s Secretary-General Award for Excellence in Deep Sea Research is intended to recognize and encourage the achievements of young researchers from developing countries who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge of the deep sea environment or to the development of environmentally sustainable regulatory frameworks. Nominations and applications are open until 29 April 2020.
Filed under Calls
The European Commission and the European External Action Service shall host an event, entitled, International Ocean Governance Forum, 22-24 April 2020, in Brussels, Belgium. A high level event is followed by 3 thematic working groups, namely, (1) Improving the international ocean governance framework, (2) Reducing pressure on oceans and seas and creating the conditions for a sustainable, and (3) Strengthening the ocean knowledge system.
For more information and registration see here.
Filed under Events
On 29 January 2020 the UK Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Rural Affairs and Biosecurity) introduced to the House of Lords the Fisheries Bill (HL Bill 71). As previously reported, the bill was first introduced during the last parliament in the House of Commons. As set out in the Explanatory Notes (HL Bill 71):
Since the Bill was most recently considered in the last Parliament, the Government has included additional provisions: a single set of UK-wide fisheries objectives (including a new climate change objective); a duty to create fisheries management plans to fish at sustainable limits for all stocks; and a broadening of the grant making power. The Bill also provides further powers for the Welsh and Scottish Governments that reflect a number of those granted to the Secretary of State, and a change to the commencement provisions (para. 3).
Of particular interest for international fisheries law is the climate change objective (clause 1(1)(h), 1(9)) and the fisheries management plan obligations (clauses 6-9).
For further information see the Human rights memorandum and the previous white paper, Sustainable fisheries for future generations. Progress of the Bill may be followed here.
Filed under State Practice
The London Universities Maritime Law and Policy Research Group will host the 11th Maritime Law & Policy International Postgraduate Research Conference, 3 April 2020, at City, University of London (London, UK). Details for submitting abstracts is forthcoming.
For further information see here.
The Common Good Foundation, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, The Center for World Indigenous Studies, The Jersey Law Commission, and The Resolution Journal, shall host the 2nd Environmental Crimes Conference, 1-2 October 2020 in Saint Helier (United Kingdom). Abstracts are welcome until 6 March 2020.
For more information see here.
The eighth meeting of the Malaysia-Singapore Joint Technical Committee (MSJTC) on the Implementation of the International Court of Justice Judgment on Pedra Branca, Middle Rocks and South Ledge was held 21 January 2020 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The outcomes of the meeting include:
“The Meeting further agreed for the Sub-Committee on Maritime Boundary Delimitation of Pedra Branca, Middle Rocks and South Ledge to commence negotiations.”
For further information see the Joint Press Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Singapore and Malaysia respectively.
The MSJTC is a cooperative process established to implement the 2008 ICJ Judgment (Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)). See further the discontinued Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 23 May 2008 in the case concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) (Malaysia v. Singapore).
Filed under State Practice
The ESIL Interest Group on International Environmental Law shall host an event at the 2020 ESIL Research Forum, entitled, Solidarity in the Context of Natural Resources Management, 23 April 2020 at the University of Catania (Catania, Italy). Track I may be of interest to law of the sea scholars. Abstracts are welcome until 14 February 2020.
For more information see the call for papers.
For further information and registration (fees apply) see here.
Filed under Events
The American Society of International Law, the Australia and New Zealand Society of International Law, the Canadian Council on International Law, and the Japanese Society of International Law shall host the Eighth International Four Societies Conference, entitled, Beyond National Jurisdiction, 16-17 June 2020, at UC Berkeley School of Law (Berkeley, USA). Applications are welcome until 31 January 2020.
For more information (including membership requirements) see the call for abstracts.
The Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Law shall host a conference, entitled, The 25th UNCLOS Anniversary Seminar, 5-6 February 2020, at Aryaduta Hotel (Jakarta, Indonesia).
For more information and RSVP see here.
Filed under Events
The University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law shall host a conference, entitled, Fourth Contemporary Challenges of International Environmental Law Conference, 20-21 April 2020, at the University of Ljubljana (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Abstracts for papers and posters are welcome until 30 January 2020. Numerous suggested topics could be addressed from a law of the sea perspective.
For further information see here.
Chatham House shall host a forum, entitled, 12th International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, 19 March 2020 at Chatham House (London, UK).
For further information and registration see here.
Update 12/05/2020: This event is now a series of webinars 18-22 May 2020. See here.
Filed under Events
The Nepalese Society of International Law and the Nepal Chapter of AsianSIL shall host the Regional Conference of the Asian Society of International Law (AsianSIL) 2020, entitled, Power and the Development of International Law: Asian Perspectives, on the 6 June 2020 in Kathmandu (Nepal). The Junior Scholars’ Conference 2020, entitled, New Challenges in International Law, will be held 5 June 2020 in Kathmandu (Nepal). A non-exhaustive list of topics is included in the call for papers, including numerous law of the sea interests. Abstracts are welcome until 15 February 2020.
For more information see the call for papers.
On the 30 December 2019 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia formally protested against Chinese vessels allegedly involved in IUU fishing activities in Indonesia’s EEZ (referred to by Indonesia as the ‘North Natuna Sea’), as well as the presence of a Chinese Coast Guard vessel. Indonesia’s response included summoning the Chinese Ambassador to Jakarta and submitting a diplomatic memorandum of protest.
The Indonesian position repeated its rejection of the Chinese ‘nine-dash line’, reiterated China’s obligations to comply with both UNCLOS (as a state party) and the South China Sea Arbitration Award (UNCLOS, Annex VII, Article 11; South China Sea Arbitration Award, Paragraph 1200) and reiterated Indonesia’s position that Indonesia does not have any overlapping jurisdiction with China in the South China Sea. On 1 January 2020 a subsequent statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia rejected the claims by China to historic maritime waters as without legal basis, as well as any Chinese references to ‘relevant waters’ as unrecognized in UNCLOS. “Indonesia Urges the People’s Republic of China to explain the legal basis and clear boundaries regarding the claims of the PRC in [the South China Sea] based on UNCLOS 1982” (Paragraph 3 [in Indonesian]).
In November 2015 a Chinese spokesperson stated “[t]he Chinese side has no objection to Indonesia’s sovereignty over the Natuna islands”. To date, in response to the December 2019 incident a Chinese spokesperson (31 December 2019; 2 January 2020) has repeated its general position on the South China Sea without further detail.
Filed under State Practice
By the Special Agreement and Notification of 17 December 2019, Switzerland and Nigeria have agreed to transfer their dispute concerning the arrest and detention of the M/T “San Padre Pio”, its crew and cargo to ITLOS (previously submitted to an UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal). Agreement was reached following consultations held 2-3 December 2019, as reflected in the Minutes of Consultations.
For further information see Case No. 29 and the ITLOS Press Release 298. See also the related Case No. 27: The M/T “San Padre Pio” Case (Switzerland v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures.
Filed under Jurisprudence
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted two resolutions on the 10 December 2019, Resolution 74/19 Oceans and the law of the sea (draft text) and Resolution 74/18 Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments (draft text).
Turkey voted against adoption of the text of Resolution 74/19 on the basis it does not agree UNCLOS has a “universal and unified character” (135 votes in favour, 1 against (Turkey), and 3 abstentions (Colombia, El Salvador, Venezuela)). Resolution 74/18 is adopted by consensus without a vote. Numerous states were critical of the failure to reach consensus on paragraphs addressing the findings of IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. The adopted Resolutions only ‘note with concern’ the findings of that report (Resolution 74/19, para. 201; Resolution 74/18, para. 11).
For further information the final texts will be available at Resolution 74/19 and Resolution 74/18.
Filed under International Organizations
In accordance with Article 76(8) of UNCLOS Malaysia has on 12 December 2019 made a partial submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) regarding its continental shelf in the northern part of the South China Sea. According to Malaysia (Ex Summary, paras. 1.2-1.4), this partial submission concerns the remaining portion of the Malaysian continental shelf in the South China Sea not covered by the 2009 Joint Submission by Malaysia and Viet Nam ‘in the southern part of the South China Sea’.
Figure 1.1 The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf in the South China Sea (Ex Summary, p. 4).
China has submitted a Communication dated 12 December 2019 which requests the CLCS to not consider the Malaysian Submission due to the existence of a land or maritime dispute (Article 5(a) of Annex I of the Rules of Procedure of the CLCS). Malaysia rejects the existence of any dispute (Ex Summary, para. 4.1).
For more information see here, Executive Summary, Note dated 12 December 2019 from the Permanent Mission of Malaysia and the Communication dated 12 December 2019 (China).
Filed under International Organizations, State Practice
Safeseas is hosting a conference, entitled, Securing Britain’s Seas: The Bristol IdeasLab on UK Maritime Security, 28 February 2020 at the University of Bristol (Bristol, UK).
For further information and registration see here and the programme.
Filed under Events
The Oceans and International Environmental Law Interest Group of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law and the New Zealand Centre for Public Law are hosting a workshop entitled The Future of International Environmental Law and the Law of the Sea. Submissions of papers for this event are welcome until 20 January 2020. The event takes place on 16 – 17 April 2020, at Victoria University of Wellington (Wellington, New Zealand).
For further information see here.
Filed under Calls
The twenty-fifth session of the Rhodes Academy of Oceans Law and Policy will be held 28 June – 17 July 2020. The deadline to submit an application is 10 April 2020. For more information, fees and application documents please see here.
The Centre for International Law (CIL) at the National University of Singapore is currently advertising two research positions in its Ocean Law & Policy Programme. CIL is seeking applications from candidates with both an advanced degree in international law (PhD or LLM) and a demonstrable interest in the law of the sea, marine environmental law or the international regulation of shipping. Candidates with a particular interest in Southeast Asia and its regional institutions are strongly encouraged to apply. The closing date for applications is 20 January 2020.
For further details and to apply please see here.
Filed under Vacancies
The President of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction has released an advanced version of the revised text, entitled, Revised draft text of an agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, 27 November 2019. This was requested at the closing of the third session and aims “to enable delegations to take stock and to facilitate further progress in the negotiations at the fourth session of the Conference”. The fourth session will take place in 2020.
For the revised draft text see here. An outline of changes made to the first draft text is available here.
Filed under International Organizations, State Practice
Fundación Fide, in collaboration with the International Law Association (ILA), the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) and the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, shall host a breakfast session, entitled, International Law and Sea Level Rise: the work of the ILA Committee, 11 December 2019, at Fundación Fide (Madrid, Spain).
For further information and registration see here.
Filed under Events
As previously reported, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in its Order of 25 May 2019 of Case No. 26, Case concerning the detention of three Ukrainian naval vessels (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, prescribed:
“The Russian Federation shall immediately release the Ukrainian naval vessels Berdyansk, Nikopol and Yani Kapu, and return them to the custody of Ukraine” (para. 124(1)(a)).
On 18 November 2019 the Ukrainian naval vessels “Nikopol”, “Berdyansk” and “Yani Kapu” were returned by Russia to Ukrainian custody.
For further information see the press releases published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and Russia respectively. The Russian press release makes no reference to the ITLOS Order of 25 May 2019. Russia’s previous submission of an initial report to ITLOS (prescribed in Order of 25 May 2019, para. 124(2)), reaffirmed “the stance of the Russian Federation that the procedures for settling arguments under the UN Convention of the Sea are not applicable in this case”.
Filed under Jurisprudence, State Practice
The University of Edinburgh shall host a conference, entitled, UNCLOS at 25: Smooth Sailing or Stormy Seas?, 22 November 2019 at The University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, UK).
Filed under Events
The 16th Annual Conference of the European Society of International Law, entitled, Changes in international lawmaking: actors, processes, impact, will be held 10-12 September 2020 at Stockholm University (Stockholm, Sweden). All agoras could be addressed from a law of the sea perspective, although of particular interest is Agora 1: The Order of the Oceans and Changes in Lawmaking. Abstracts are welcome until 31 January 2020.
The Law of the Sea Interest Group anticipates holding a workshop on the 9 September 2020. The IG usually posts a call for abstract on its website here.
For further information see the main conference website call for papers.
France, Nausicaá (French National Sea Centre) and the French Biodiversity Agency shall host a high-level workshop, entitled, What Role for the Private Sector on the High Seas within the BBNJ Process?, 18-19 November 2019, at Nausicaá National Sea Centre (Boulogne-sur-mer, France).
For more information and registration see here.
Filed under Events
The British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) will host a conference, entitled, Fisheries after Brexit, 19 November 2019, at Volterra Fietta (London, UK).
For further information see here.
Filed under Events
On the 30 October 2019, three maritime delimitation agreements concerning the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles in the southern part of the “Banana Hole” (North Atlantic) were signed, between Norway and Iceland, Norway and Denmark/The Faroe Islands and Iceland and Denmark/The Faroe Islands respectively. The Delimitation Agreements will enter into force when both parties to the respective Agreements have ratified the Agreement.
For further information see the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danish). While the text of the Agreements is not yet published, it is stated by Norway to be in line with the previous 2006 Agreed Minutes where authors may also find a (preliminary and illustrative) 2006 map.
Filed under State Practice
On the 21 October 2019, during the Torremolinos Ministerial Conference on Fishing Vessel Safety and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, forty-eight states signed the Torremolinos Declaration. The Torremolinos Declaration expresses their determination to take action to ensure the entry-into-force criteria of the 2012 Cape Town Agreement on fishing vessel safety are met by the target date of 11 October 2022. The Declaration is open for signature until 21 October 2020.
On the 21 October 2019 the accessions of the Cook Islands and Sao Tome and Principe to the 2012 Cape Town Agreement brings the total contracting parties to 13 states (not yet in force).
On the 23 October 2019 the Ministerial Conference adopted 2 resolutions, whereby Ministerial Conference Resolution 1 adopted the Torremolinos Statement on the Cape Town Agreement of 2012, relating to fishing vessel safety, and combating illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. This encourages states to sign the Torremolinos Declaration and become party to the 2012 Cape Town Agreement and and the 1995 STCW-F Convention.
For more information see the IMO pages here and here.
Filed under State Practice, Treaties
SEA circular will convene a conference, entitled, SEA of Solutions 2019: Partnership week for plastic pollution prevention, 11-14 November 2019 at the United Nations Conference Centre (Bangkok, Thailand).
For further information see here and the draft programme.
Filed under Events
On the 21 October 2019 the International Court of Justice (ICJ) adopted amendments to Articles 22, 23, 29, 76 and 79 of its Rules of Court (entry into force 21 October 2019). Of particular interest is the amendment to Article 76(1) to “clarify” the Court has the power to revoke or modify provisional measures on its own initiative:
1. At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.
The ICJ may, for example, prescribe provisional measures in a case submitted to it by way of Articles 287 and 290 of UNCLOS. For an example of previous requests on the basis of Article 41 of the ICJ Statute and (former) Article 76 of the Rules of Court see the submissions of both Costa Rica and Nicaragua in Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Order of 16 July 2013, Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 230.
For further information see ICJ Press Release No. 2019/42 (21 October 2019).
Filed under International Organizations, Treaties
On 24 September 2019 the State of Palestine deposited a second Declaration of the State of Palestine regarding the maritime boundaries of the State of Palestine in accordance with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. In addition to repeating the provisions of the 2015 Declaration, the 2019 declaration includes geographical coordinates and an illustrative map which define the baselines and limits of the Palestinian claim:
Source: Declaration of the State of Palestine, 24 September 2019, Annex, p. 12
On the 8 October 2019 the Foreign Minister of the State of Palestine also deposited a “legal file on the maritime borders of Palestine” with the Secretary General of the Arab League, including the map and a request for circulation.
Filed under State Practice
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) will host the Second Asia-Pacific Day for the Ocean, on the 8 November 2019 at the United Nations Conference Centre (Bangkok, Thailand). Registration is open until 1 November 2019.
For further information see here.
Filed under Events
The Law Review Symposium Committee of the California Western Law Review and International Law Journal seek articles for the symposium issue of the journals, entitled, Wasted: The Global Effects of Plastic Waste in a Consumer Society. All authors of manuscripts selected for publication will be invited to the symposium conference, 14 March 2020, at the California Western School of Law (San Diego, USA). Abstracts are welcome until 17 November 2019.
For more information see the call for papers and website.
The IMO will host a symposium, entitled, IMO 2020 and Alternative Fuels, 17-18 October 2019, at IMO Headquarters (London,UK). There will be live streaming with the possibility of remote participation here.
For further information see the programme and webpage. Further information on remote streaming is found in the Annex.
Filed under Events
On the 23 September 2019 the meeting of the UN Global Compact Action Platform for Sustainable Ocean Business formally launched the Sustainable Ocean Principles. The principles recognize the shared responsibility of businesses to ensure a healthy oceans.
For more information see the UN Global Compact and the Sustainable Ocean Principles.
Filed under Non-State Actors
The Transnational Law Institute of King’s College London and the International Law Department of the Graduate Institute Geneva shall co-organize a workshop, entitled, Bringing the “human problem” back into transnational law: The example of corporate (ir)responsibility, 19-20 March 2020, at King’s College London (London, UK). Many of the suggested thematic areas will be of interest to those working in the law of the sea. Abstracts welcome until 1 October 2019.
For more information, see here.
The Ocean Yearbook’s annual competition for students writing research papers on “marine affairs” is open for submissions until 15 May 2020. Sole-authored student papers submitted for the competition must be nominated by the instructor or supervisor of the course taken by the student, and must have been submitted for the course within the last 12 months of the competition’s annual entry date.
For more information on eligibility and submissions, see here.
Filed under Calls
The 4th ANZPAC Workshop on Biofouling Management for Sustainable Shipping, will be held 30 September – 4 October 2019, at the Melbourne Conference & Exhibition Centre (Melbourne, Australia). Several panels touch upon regulations and requirements. This event is held alongside the 1st GEF-UNDP-IMO GloFouling R&D Forum and Exhibition on Biofouling Management.
Filed under Events
De Maribus 
