France: Administrative Decision No 21PA04622 (Environmental Code of Loyalty Islands Province)

On 10 January 2023 the Administrative Court of Appeal of Paris (1st Chamber) issued Administrative Decision No. 21PA04622 concerning the Environmental Code of Loyalty Islands Province (as amended, 2020). In respect of the international law of the sea, the decision addressed the consistency of Articles 232-3, 232-5 and 235-4 of the Environmental Code of Loyalty Islands Province with Part 2 (Section 3) of UNCLOS concerning the innocent passage regime. The Environmental Code of Loyalty Islands Province provided:

Article 232-3
Tout accès de navires au domaine public maritime provincial est soumis à déclaration ou à autorisation.
Les navires doivent communiquer à chaque mouvement leur itinéraire et leur manifeste aux autorités portuaires.

Article 232-5
Tous les autres navires entrant sur le domaine public maritime provincial doivent justifier d’une autorisation.
La demande d’autorisation est déposée par voie électronique et nécessite la production de la carte de navigation, la déclaration de l’état du navire, des marchandises transportées et précise le nombre de personnes à bord.
L’autorisation est délivrée par les services provinciaux compétents dans un délai d’un mois.

Article 235-4
La décision de suspension d’une autorisation d’accès et/ou d’activité mentionne les conditions de levée de la décision de suspension. Elle est levée par décision du président de l’assemblée de Province, après avis conforme des autorités coutumières concernées, dans l’hypothèse où le bénéficiaire s’est conformé aux conditions exposées dans la décision de suspension.

Environmental Code of Loyalty Islands Province (as amended, 2020)

The Administrative Court of Appeal of Paris decided that a system of prior authorisation, in so far as it applies to foreign flagged vessels, is inconsistent with the right of innocent passage in the territorial sea, as codified in Article 17 of UNCLOS. Such an administrative constraint did not fall within the coastal state competence noted in Article 21 of UNCLOS and therefore, given the administrative constraint and hinderance of innocence passage resulting thereof, was inconsistent with the duty of the coastal state in Article 24 of UNCLOS. A system of prior authorisations applicable to the innocent passage of foreign vessels in the territorial sea would “impose requirements on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage” (Article 24(1)(a) of UNCLOS). The Administrative Court of Appeal of Paris therefore decided that Articles 232-3 and 232-5 are canceled insofar as they apply to foreign vessels.

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